破綻したカナダの仮想通貨（暗号資産）取引所クアドリガCXの管財人である大手会計事務所アーンスト＆ヤング（EY）は1億7100万ドル相当の請求を受けているが、請求者に分配する資金が2980万ドルしか準備ができていないと明らかにした。

カナダのオンタリオ州高等裁判所に提出された書類によると、EYはクアドリガCXに資金を預けていた顧客から17053件の請求を受けていることも明かした。

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Source: jp.investing.com

One-time pad – Wikipedia

A format of one-time pad used by the U.S. National Security Agency, code named DIANA. The table on the right is an aid for converting between plaintext and ciphertext using the characters at left as the key.

The key must be truly random.

The key must be at least as long as the plaintext.

The key must never be reused in whole or in part.

The key must be kept completely secret.

• True random number generators exist, but are typically slower and more specialized.

• The security of the one-time pad is only as secure as the security of the one-time pad exchange, because if an attacker is able to intercept the one-time pad value and know it is a one-time pad, they can decrypt the one-time pad’s message.

Careful treatment to make sure that the one-time pad values continue to remain secret and are disposed of correctly, preventing any reuse in whole or in part—hence “one-time”. See data remanence for a discussion of difficulties in completely erasing computer media.

The one-time-pad is the optimum cryptosystem with theoretically perfect secrecy.

The one-time-pad is one of the most practical methods of encryption where one or both parties must do all work by hand, without the aid of a computer. This made it important in the pre-computer era, and it could conceivably still be useful in situations where possession of a computer is illegal or incriminating or where trustworthy computers are not available.

One-time pads are practical in situations where two parties in a secure environment must be able to depart from one another and communicate from two separate secure environments with perfect secrecy.

The one-time-pad can be used in superencryption.[22]

The algorithm most commonly associated with quantum key distribution is the one-time pad.

The one-time pad is mimicked by stream ciphers.

The one-time pad can be a part of an introduction to cryptography.[23]

In 1944–1945, the U.S. Army’s Signals Intelligence Service was able to solve a one-time pad system used by the German Foreign Office for its high-level traffic, codenamed GEE.[34] GEE was insecure because the pads were not sufficiently random—the machine used to generate the pads produced predictable output.

In 1945, the US discovered that Canberra–Moscow messages were being encrypted first using a code-book and then using a one-time pad. However, the one-time pad used was the same one used by Moscow for Washington, D.C.–Moscow messages. Combined with the fact that some of the Canberra–Moscow messages included known British government documents, this allowed some of the encrypted messages to be broken.

One-time pads were employed by Soviet espionage agencies for covert communications with agents and agent controllers. Analysis has shown that these pads were generated by typists using actual typewriters. This method is of course not truly random, as it makes certain convenient key sequences more likely than others, yet it proved to be generally effective because while a person will not produce truly random sequences they equally do not follow the same kind of structured mathematical rules that a machine would either, and each person generates ciphers in a different way making attacking any message challenging. Without copies of the key material used, only some defect in the generation method or reuse of keys offered much hope of cryptanalysis. Beginning in the late 1940s, US and UK intelligence agencies were able to break some of the Soviet one-time pad traffic to Moscow during WWII as a result of errors made in generating and distributing the key material. One suggestion is that Moscow Centre personnel were somewhat rushed by the presence of German troops just outside Moscow in late 1941 and early 1942, and they produced more than one copy of the same key material during that period. This decades-long effort was finally codenamed VENONA (BRIDE had been an earlier name); it produced a considerable amount of information, including more than a little about some of the Soviet atom spies. Even so, only a small percentage of the intercepted messages were either fully or partially decrypted (a few thousand out of several hundred thousand).[35]

The one-time tape systems used by the U.S. employed electromechanical mixers to combine bits from the message and the one-time tape. These mixers radiated considerable electromagnetic energy that could be picked up by an adversary at some distance from the encryption equipment. This effect, first noticed by Bell Labs during World War II, could allow interception and recovery of the plaintext of messages being transmitted, a vulnerability code-named Tempest.[32]:pp. 89 ff

Detailed description and history of One-time Pad with examples and images on Cipher Machines and Cryptology

The FreeS/WAN glossary entry with a discussion of OTP weaknesses

Source: en.wikipedia.org

Ujjivan Small Finance Financial institution Q2 Outcomes: Revenue up marginally, assortment effectivity improves

KOLKATA: Ujjivan Small Finance Bank on Saturday reported a marginal rise in internet revenue at Rs 96 crore for the September quarter in opposition to Rs 93 crore within the 12 months in the past interval, with its assortment effectivity bettering to 93%.

Source: www.newworldtimes.net

Author: newworldtimes

Funding for Chainlink Rocketed Following Latest Rally; Time for a Pullback?

Chainlink’s price has been bearing witness to some immense volatility throughout the past few days and weeks, with buyers propelling it towards $14.00 yesterday while the entire DeFi sector saw some explosive momentum.

However, the token is now facing some intense selling pressure, with the entire crypto market starting to turn lower as buyers struggle to maintain the momentum seen throughout the past couple of days.

This market-wide downturn comes as Bitcoin breaks below $15,000, which has far-reaching implications for the aggregated market.

ETH is also trending lower, losing its $450 support level and declining towards $430. It is important to note that both Ethereum and most DeFi blue chips are still trading well-above their recent lows.

YFI, for instance, rallied from lows of $7,500 to highs of $18,000 before losing its momentum and declining all the way down to $12,000 – where it is currently trading at.

This market-wide downturn has struck a blow to LINK’s ascent, but the token could still be well-positioned to see a strong rebound when the market conditions shift back into buyers’ favor.

One analyst is pointing to Chainlink’s high funding rates as one reason why it may see a sustained pullback in the short-term.

At the time of writing, Chainlink is trading down over 2% at its current price of $11.80. This is around the price at which it has been trading throughout the past few days.

It does mark a decline from its overnight highs of nearly $14.00 that were briefly tapped when the aggregated market surged on the heels of YFI’s move from $7,500 to $18,000.

The intensity of this rally created a tailwind for all Ethereum-based altcoins that reside within the DeFi sector, but Bitcoin’s plunge below $15,000 today has struck a blow to this momentum.

One factor that could be driving this ongoing Chainlink downswing is the high funding rates that have come about due to this rally – something mused by an analyst in a recent tweet.

“Funding has now hit and the rate is still 0.1198% which is incredibly high. I think macro link has legs but for now it needs to retrace a little to even it out a bit. It’s just too crowded at the moment. The last omega run up on link funding was actually negative and flat,” he explained.

High funding means that the number of long-positions far outweigh the number of short-positions, making it a crowded trade.

Source: cryptomoneyteam.co

Author: By TeamMMG